1. Baking Ingredient Weights
Standard weight conversions for common dry ingredients.
| Ingredient | Volume (US) | Weight (Grams) | Weight (Ounces) |
| All-Purpose Flour | 1 cup | 120g | 4.25 oz |
| Granulated Sugar | 1 cup | 200g | 7 oz |
| Brown Sugar (Packed) | 1 cup | 213g | 7.5 oz |
| Powdered Sugar | 1 cup | 120g | 4.25 oz |
| Cocoa Powder | 1 cup | 85g | 3 oz |
| Rolled Oats | 1 cup | 90g | 3.2 oz |
| Chocolate Chips | 1 cup | 170g | 6 oz |
2. Oven to Air Fryer Conversion
General rule: Reduce temperature by 25°F and cooking time by 20%.
| Oven Instructions | Air Fryer Setting |
| 375°F for 20 mins | 350°F for 16 mins |
| 400°F for 20 mins | 375°F for 16 mins |
| 425°F for 15 mins | 400°F for 10-12 mins |
| 450°F for 30 mins | 400°F for 20-24 mins |
3. Meat Temperature Chart
Recommended internal temperatures for safety and quality.
| Meat | Pull Temp (Chef's Preference) | Safe Temp (USDA) | Notes |
| Chicken Breast | 160°F | 165°F | Temp rises after resting. |
| Chicken Thighs | 175°F+ | 165°F | Better texture at higher temps. |
| Pork Chops/Loin | 140°F | 145°F | Medium cook; juicy. |
| Pork Shoulder | 200°F+ | 145°F | Required for shredding. |
| Beef (Med-Rare) | 130°F | 145°F | - |
| Ground Beef | 155°F | 160°F | - |
4. Salt Conversion Guide
Adjustments for density differences between Diamond Crystal Kosher, Morton Kosher, and Sea/Table Salt.
| If Recipe Calls For... | And You Use... | Use This Amount |
| 1 teaspoon Diamond Crystal Kosher | Fine Sea Salt | ½ tsp |
| 1 teaspoon Diamond Crystal Kosher | Morton Kosher Salt | ¾ tsp |
| 1 teaspoon Diamond Crystal Kosher | Table Salt (Fine) | ½ tsp |
| 1 teaspoon Morton Kosher | Fine Sea Salt | ¾ tsp |
5. Grain and Rice Water Ratios
Standard liquid requirements per 1 cup of dry grain.
| Grain (1 Cup Dry) | Liquid Amount | Simmer Time |
| White Rice (Long Grain) | 2 Cups | 15-20 mins |
| Basmati / Jasmine | 1.5 - 1.75 Cups | 12-15 mins |
| Brown Rice | 2.5 Cups | 40-45 mins |
| Quinoa | 2 Cups | 15 mins |
| Oats (Rolled) | 2 Cups | 5-10 mins |
6. Convection vs. Conventional Oven Settings
When to use the fan setting.
| Mode | Best For... | Adjustment |
| Conventional (No Fan) | Cakes, quick breads, custards. | Use standard recipe temp. |
| Convection (Fan On) | Roasting meats, crispy veggies, nachos. | Reduce temp by 25°F. |
7. Butter Measurements
Volume and weight equivalents.
| Stick Count | Volume | Weight (Grams) |
| 1 Stick | ½ cup | 113g |
| ½ Stick | ¼ cup (4 Tbsp) | 57g |
| 1 Tbsp | 1/16 cup | 14g |
8. Oven to Slow Cooker Conversion
Time adjustments for low and high settings.
| Oven Time | Slow Cooker (LOW) | Slow Cooker (HIGH) |
| 15 - 30 mins | 4 - 6 hours | 1.5 - 2 hours |
| 30 - 60 mins | 6 - 8 hours | 3 - 4 hours |
| 1 - 3 hours | 8 - 10 hours | 4 - 6 hours |
9. Common Ingredient Substitutions
Alternatives for common pantry staples.
| Missing Ingredient | Substitution |
| Buttermilk (1 cup) | 1 cup Milk + 1 tablespoon Vinegar/Lemon Juice (rest 5 mins). |
| Cake Flour (1 cup) | 1 cup All-Purpose Flour minus 2 Tbsp, add 2 tablespoon Cornstarch. |
| Brown Sugar | 1 cup White Sugar + 1 tablespoon Molasses. |
| Baking Powder (1 tsp) | ½ teaspoon Cream of Tartar + ¼ teaspoon Baking Soda. |
| Heavy Cream | ¾ cup Milk + ⅓ cup Melted Butter. |
| Egg (for baking) | ¼ cup Applesauce OR ½ mashed Banana. |
10. Baking Pan Substitutions
Volume equivalents for different pan shapes.
| Recipe Calls For... | You Can Use... | Adjustment |
| 9-inch Round | 8x8-inch Square | None (Equal volume). |
| 9x13-inch Pan | Two 9-inch Rounds | Reduce bake time (thinner layers). |
| Cupcake Pan | 9-inch Round | Increase bake time significantly. |
Try my Buffalo chicken meatballs at your next party!